Infosys Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Infosys Case Analysis Essay ? Case investigation infosys record structure We have moved toward the case by first dissecting the distinguished issues, and afterward partner underlying drivers to those issues. Further to it we have utilized two systems, â€Å"Web of Change† and â€Å"Hewitt Best Employer Characteristics†, to hypothetically evaluate the shortcomings in Infosys Human Resource and Change Management approaches. These structures can be utilized by associations to all the more likely arrangement their change the executives and human asset the board activities. We have utilized â€Å"Hewitt’s Best Employer Survey†, to recognize the key activities which Infosys should embrace to empower it to arrive at its objective of â€Å"Best Employer† by 2011. Further to it we accept that â€Å"Best Employer† and â€Å"Best Performer† are correlative objectives, and it’s hard to accomplish one without the other, and thus we have distinguished the key activities which can help Infosys to accomplish â€Å"Best Performer† focus without settling on its â€Å"Best Employer† objective. about Infosys is the second biggest Indian IT programming administrations organization. Infosys has arrived at zeniths of achievement in limited ability to focus 20 years, through creative business techniques and human asset rehearses. At present it is confronting difficulties around adjusting between business development and representative fulfillment. About its plan of action Infosys conveys IT administrations to its customers internationally in a model called GDM (Global Delivery Model). The fundamental attribute of this model is that it decouples customer area and venture execution. Venture is executed in areas which give best mix of cost and ability. Undertaking groups are spread across customer site and seaward improvement habitats in nations like India, China, and Mexico and so forth which give rich accessibility of ability at serious expense. Normally groups at customer site report necessities and oversee customer relationship and seaward group oversees conveyance. This is a human asset serious industry and the test is exacerbated by the way that the majority of the assets are profoundly talented experts (engineers, MBAs, PC researchers and so forth). Being an industry where human asset is your solitary resource and your lone upper hand, overseeing, ssues and Root Cause investigation In this area we’ll dissect the issues recognized for the situation and will endeavor to distinguish underlying drivers which prompted representative disappointment. After our examination we accept that issues referenced for the situation is indicative of holes when all is said in done standards of authority, change the executives and HRM. S trategies are not written in blood and stone, and they change over the lifetime of associations. What ought not change are essential associations standards around human asset the executives. Our appraisal is that approach changes in Infosys were intelligent of outside condition and business goals. Be that as it may, wandering from the essential standards of Change the executives, authority, correspondence and representative improvement in actualizing new approaches is the thing that prompted its fall in Best Employer appraisals. â€Å"Stock Options began lacking shine to the new workers and made value irregularity among employees† Stakeholders included New Employees Discontentment Impact Inequity of pay/riches impact in the organization which made pressure between representatives. New representatives who had seen Infosys from outside as an association focused on reasonableness, value, and worker riches creation got disillusioned. Main driver Failure to Manage Expectations This issue principally emerged in view of erroneous desire setting of new workers. Infosys continued utilizing investment opportunities and the millionaires’ stories as marking movement, in any event, when investment opportunities were not any more a motivation to newcomers. Organization ought to have made it clear about its new remuneration reasoning when it ended ESOPS. 1. Overseeing scale and weakening danger Stakeholders included Employees Managers Uneasiness Impact Infosys was developing at a speed where it was multiplying its authoritative quality each 1-2 years. Anyway association was tormented by high steady loss rate. Representatives felt absence of inspiration, because of tedious procedure errands, which the plan of action requested. Because of high development, a great deal of workers climbed the administrative stepping stool, yet needed appropriate preparing and direction and consequently couldn’t associate with representatives Root Cause Lack of Employee satisfaction ( from the activity ) Detached Lleaderships To weight on the requirement for the over two, we’ll give two models from Indian open part. Indian Railways Indian railroads has as of late changed itself into a profoundly productive association, and as indicated by the official on unique with Railways, single most basic factor which added to this achievement is inclusion and responsibility of representatives of rail routes regardless of having a poor pay structure. Representatives of Indian railroads invest heavily in their work, since they accept they are adding to the running of the country’s greatest foundation and are liable for shipping of 2 crore clients consistently. This relationship with hierarchical objective and pride in your association is the thing that makes an association for unendingness. Because of changing business needs, Iinfosys couldn’t associate with its workers in propelling them. Indian Army A unit administrator in the military can motivate its officers to surrender their life, pay and so forth in any case. The main reasons officers are so dedicated, is their quick head. It relies upon the unit commander’s capacity to associate with his officers, inspire them and show a certified worry for their prosperity, is the thing that propels the troopers to do the unbelievable for their pioneer. As per inquire about in HR field, individuals leave directors and not organizations. The initiative abilities of directors are the best wellspring of worker satisfaction at work. Absence of commitment and duty of supervisors towards their subordinates, was likely the single most compelling motivation for high steady loss rate at Infosys. 2. Solid formalization and procedure direction, which came as a feature of development, removed transmission capacity to enhance from representatives. Partners included Employees Discontentment Impact Employees who were accustomed to getting the rush and fulfillment from utilizing their expertise on specialized difficulties were feeling covered in view of new procedure driven and re-use system. Comparative effect was seen in individuals strategy issues. Every single individual approach were getting increasingly formalized. Main driver Lack of representative Motivation Resistance to transform One of the essential standards of association configuration is that you don’t utilize solid formalization from profoundly gifted specialists (workers). Formalization is for low talented repeatable errands. Infosys ought to have thought of plans of action focused on top of the line, esteem included administrations a lot before. This would have kept its inalienable ability roused as well as better used for higher edges. In 1990s moving ceaselessly from body shopping to GDM give this chance, however in ahead of schedule to center 2000s, Iinfosys couldn’t rethink itself. Formalization in hierarchical approaches when it becomes out from pioneering stage is unavoidable. It’s really expected to guarantee predictable usage of arrangements and make a feeling of value and reasonableness among representative. Disappointment on this front could be credited to protection from change, and henceforth viable change the executives standards ought to be utilized for problematic changes. 3. Presentation of variable compensation Stakeholders included Employees Senior Management HR Department Discontentment Impact Variable compensation was gotten with a ton of wariness by the representatives, expecting that it was acquainted with decrease their remuneration Root Cause/s Change Management Failure Lack of Leadership commitment Communication Failure This was likely one of the most troublesome changes presented by Infosys. The measure of doubt and doubt showed by representatives was a first in Infosys. Prompt response of representatives was that this arrangement has been acquainted with sliced worker expenses to fulfill investors interest for increasingly elevated gainfulness. The way that a greater part of senior administration were investors in the organization added to representative doubt. There was no lucidity among workers how this arrangement will work out. A great deal of workers were not happy in connecting their presentation to factors beyond their ability to do anything about (economic situations, choice taken by the board and so on). Additionally since the measure of variable segment was high (over half for venture directors or more), workers couldn't see how much their month to month bring home were. This is an exemplary instance of disappointment in change the executives and inclusion of administration at each level. Infosys information on factor payout shows that more often than not organization has conveyed 100% payout and much higher rate to superior workers. So representative distrust bore from absence of lucidity and correspondence on this strategy. Absence of lucidity, correspondence and inclusion of representatives was to such a degree, that even center administration was overwhelmed by this strategy. Numerous administrators, who couldn’t value the approach execution, were hesitant in imparting the progressions to the representatives. For a worker first purpose of contact for explanation is his/her prompt line director, thus it’s imperative to completely prepare authority at each level with data. To comprehend the job what administration plays in rousing, holding representatives, we should take a gander at military. Unit commandants can persuade their workers to give their life, notwithstanding the way that remuneration bundle of troopers is one of the most reduced. This responsibility in subordinates comes as a result of absolute duty of their pioneer in en

Triple Steel Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Triple Steel Corporation - Essay Example As the conversation features in the underlying appraisal of the organization, the present resources of the organization have declined as the all out worth of the organization has likewise weakened contrasting from the most recent year results. Since the income of the organization has diminished by 2.37 Million when contrasted with a year ago, the benefits of the organization have additionally diminished yet not in a similar extent. The money and money counterparts have diminished by 1% while the exchange receivables have decreased by practically 60% which doesn't compare with the misfortune decrease in the income for the present year which was just 11%. The irregularity between the two relating figures requires some extra worry over income and receivables. This paper diagrams that  the stock of Triple Steel has not diminished by a similar extent as the end load of the organization remained at 3.55 Million which was somewhere near 14% while the expense of merchandise sold was up by 1%. It has additionally been recognized that the organization has utilized two distinct techniques for valuation of stock at the year end as the strategy for valuation of stock must stay steady consistently. Furthermore, the IAS doesn’t permit the utilization of Last-in-first-out technique for valuation of stock. The prepaid duty and protection figures considered a to be by 23.53% as the income has likewise declined for the organization and the organization additionally brought about lost 49,000 this year contrasted with the benefit of 1.795 Million a year ago. The property, plant and hardware of the organization have expanded by 3.7% which incorporates the acquisition of land, building, gear and apparatus during the year. This has additionally offered ascend to the deterioration cost of the year which was almost 8.8%. This might be a direct result of the deterioration technique utilized by the organization, for example, the lessening balance. The present liabilities of the organization have expanded by 16.15% which remember significant increment for the measure of records payable which has expanded by almost 14%.

Verapamil for Mania in Bipolar Disorder

Verapamil for Mania in Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Verapamil for Mania in Bipolar Disorder The Scarce Science Behind the Calcium Channel Blocker By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on May 14, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Peter Dazeley/Getty Images Verapamil, a type of calcium channel blocker, was studied years ago as a therapy for manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder. That being said, the scientific data behind it is scarce and controversial, meaning some studies have found a benefit and others have not. Regardless, its not a typical or standard medication used by psychiatrists in treating bipolar disorder. Lets examine the scientific history behind using verapamil and other calcium channel blockers in bipolar disorder. What Are Calcium Channel Blockers? Calcium channel blockers affect the movement of calcium into cells of the heart and blood vessels, relaxing the blood vessels and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. They are generally used to treat high blood pressure, arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats) and angina pectoris (heart-related chest pain). The main calcium channel blocking agents that have been examined as potential therapies for bipolar disorder, especially with manic episodes include: Verapamil - Brand names Calan, Isoptin SRNimodipine - Brand name NimotopDiltiazem - Brand names Cardizem, Cartia XT, Dilacor XR, Tiazac Verapamil Benefits and Side Effects Regarding its potential benefit, one 2002 study in Biological Psychiatry examined 11 women with either mania or mixed symptoms of depression and mania. Of these 11 women, 9 of them showed a positive response or improvement in their mania after being treated with verapamil. In a 2008 study in Bipolar Disorders, verapamil alone did not improve manic episodes, but when combined with lithium, it did. That being said, the study was still small, with only 10 patients taking the combination of verapamil and lithium. The author did note too that any person taking a combination of verapamil and lithium needs to be monitored closely, as there is a possibility of serious side effects like: Worsening of lithium side effectsChoreoathetosis â€" involuntary movementsSlow heart rate with a possible heart attackProblems with coordination Nimodipine One 2002 case study in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology reported on the successful use of nimodipine in a woman who was pregnant. She was unable to tolerate a more traditional mood stabilizer, lithium. Also, according to an older study in Bipolar Disorders, nimodipine may be useful for people with bipolar disorder who do not respond to traditional medications, especially those with ultra-rapid-cycling and brief recurrent depressive episodes. Diltiazem In a small 2000 study in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, of eight patients with treatment-resistant bipolar disorder, there was a decrease in both their manic and depressive episodes after taking diltiazem. That being said, there were some problems with the design of the study. For instance, the patients were taking other medications other than diltiazem, and it was small. What Does This All Mean? Its important to understand that calcium channel blockers are not typical medications for mania â€" as evidenced by the fact that there are few studies on them. With that, its unclear at this time what the future role of calcium channel blockers will be in treating the mania of bipolar disorder. It may be that its used in combination with other mood stabilizers when a person is not responding to the mood stabilizer alone or other combinations of medications.

Case Study 1 Fraud Essay - 1128 Words

Case Study1: And the Fraud Continues A business can not work out without an account system, which includes internal. Internal controls are used by companies to make sure financial information is accurate and valid. Strong internal controls are signs of a financially healthy company and protect the company’s integrity. Strong internal controls can also increase a company’s profitability. There are several types of internal controls that companies used to protect themselves such as: Segregation of duties, asset purchases, supervisor review, internal audits and adequate documents and records. This paper will discuss several topics from a case study about And the Fraud†¦show more content†¦Placeholder credits this trick was used when customers were contacted regarding their overdue accounts receivable and MCI was informed that a payment would be sent in. MCI would then credit their receivables before receiving the cash; this trick was used by Pavlo was manipulation be he know what the system would all him to do in order to stall tactics, to recognize bad debt and uncollectible receivables that would have to be expensed on the income statement. If I suspected fraudulent activity within n organization where I work, I would use a professional skepticism approach. This can be broken down into there attributes: 1. Recognition 2. Questioning min and a critical assessment of the evidence and 3. Commitment to persuasive evidence Professional skepticism practices as neutral but discipline approach to detection and investigation. Per SAS No. 1 it suggests that an auditor neither assumers that management is dishonest or assumes unquestionable honesty. Professional skepticism requires fraud examiners to â€Å"pull on thread† in which means Red flags are warning signal or something that demands attention or provokes an irate reaction. Red Flag symptoms of fraud may be divided into at least six categories: unexplained accounting anomalies, exploited internal control weaknesses, identified analytical anomalies where nonShow MoreRelatedBasic Issues For The I 130 Marriage Based Study1417 Words   |  6 Pages This paper documents the basic issues for the I-130 Marriage-based Study and some of the challenges which hamper the swift execution of the study. The paper begins with a brief description of the study purpose, follows by important definition of key study concepts for marriage-based IBFA and a discussion for the sample size needed to execute the study optimally. Recommendation solutions are provided at the end of the paper on how to specify the roles for OPS and each stakeholder and members ofRead MoreInternal Fraud Case Study Essay650 Words   |  3 PagesCOVER STORY: INTERNAL FRAUD CASE STUDY Prepare a two-to-three page case study report on the following case: COVER STORY: INTERNAL FRAUD on pages 104-106 in Chapter 4: Billing Schemes of the Fraud Examination text by Wells. Discuss the coincidences involved in this case study. Use the 2009 Global Fraud Survey (also located in Doc Sharing) for references concerning perpetrator, size of fraud, detection, and controls. This case is about the $4 million embezzlement fraud by an employee of a magazineRead MoreInternal Fraud Case Study642 Words   |  3 PagesCOVER STORY: INTERNAL FRAUD CASE STUDY Prepare a two-to-three page case study report on the following case: COVER STORY: INTERNAL FRAUD on pages 104-106 in Chapter 4: Billing Schemes of the Fraud Examination text by Wells. Discuss the coincidences involved in this case study. Use the 2009 Global Fraud Survey (also located in Doc Sharing) for references concerning perpetrator, size of fraud, detection, and controls. This case is about the $4 million embezzlement fraud by an employee of a magazineRead MoreInternet Scam1309 Words   |  6 Pagesin Internet Scam? The aim of this chapter Chapter 1 : I.Introduction The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of Internet fraud in general. The Internet fraud definition, types and examples will be discussed. The chapter identifies some web applications that are suffering from Internet fraud as well as some statistics for Internet fraud impact. It also presents some existing techniques and strategies to detect and prevent Internet fraud. 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According to Forbes.com (n.d) the biggest fraud cases to ever occur was Enron, Bernard Madoff, Lehman Brothers, and Cendant, with Enron being the largest accounting scandal to ever take place. Prior to Enron’s fraud scandal coming to light in 2001, theyRead Morerocky and moutain817 Words   |  4 Pages1. Is this an example of fraudulent financial reporting or misappropriation of assets In this case, it is misappropriation of assets because the fraud is the consequence of the employee theft. As it is stated in the case â€Å"manager at Aspen store was stealing payments by customers on accounts. That’s why subledger was out of balance with the GL. To cover it up, the manager debited the sales account, which was why the gross margins didn’t make sense.† 2. What created an opportunity to commit the fraudRead MoreAcc 556 Week One Memo1179 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussed in this memo: 1.) The impact of occupational fraud and abuse on the company, 2.) U.S. governmental oversight of accounting fraud and abuse and its effect on the organization and, 3.) Potential corruption schemes to be aware of. This information will be followed by a recommendation of the types of accounting evidence and methods of gathering such information to support a financial review. The Impact of Occupational Fraud and Abuse on the Company Occupational fraud occurs when an employeeRead MoreForensic Accounting1497 Words   |  6 Pages A study conducted by two professors from Rider College interviewed over 150 lawyers, Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) and accounting educators. The study identified sixteen skills needed by forensic accountants. According to the study, the five most important skills are analytical skills, basic accounting skills, problem solving skills, data analysis skills and interviewing skills (McMullen Sanchez, 2010). Forensic accountants need analytical skills because as they review financial reportsRead MoreFinancial Fraud Against The Corporation1035 Words   |  5 Pagespremature determination of revenue are by far the most common fraud against the corporation (p.4) Facts and Statistics on Financial Fraud and Embezzlement According to Mitric, Stankovic, and Lakicevic, (2012) financial fraud and embezzlement are clearly two distinct configuration, however share several common characteristics and qualities. Mitric et al. also indicated that company top executives and managers or owners normally are responsible for putting its own company in financial troubles and

The Effectiveness Of Cbt For Children With Anxiety

The Effectiveness of CBT for Children with Anxiety According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (2016) about 6% of children in the United States suffer from a severe anxiety disorder. Other studies cite figures closer to 10% of children being affected by extreme anxiety disorders (Girling-Butcher Ronan, 2009). While figures may vary slightly, there is no doubt that a large number of school-aged children grapple with a disorder that can disrupt and damage their functioning in schools and social situations. Chiu et al. (2013) state that anxious children can also suffer from â€Å"high rates of school refusal, poor academic performance and impairments in school functioning† (p. 142). While anxiety disorders seem to be among the most common of childhood disorders, most children with a diagnosable anxiety disorder are not receiving any assistance (Stallard et al., 2014). Further, many studies indicate that anxiety disorders in children do not tend to dissipate without treatment; rather, these disorders continue to affect a child’s well-being and functioning as they grow and can have negative consequences on school performance and social functioning in later years (Saavedra, Silverman, Morgan-Lopez Kurtines, 2010). It appears that if effective interventions are not implemented to address diagnosable childhood anxieties, the symptoms can progressively become more severe and debilitating (Girling-Butcher Ronan, 2009). CBT utilizes specific, research-basedShow MoreRelatedThe Efficacy And Effectiveness Of Social Anxiety790 Words   |  4 PagesThe substantial evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of CBT is based primarily on studies looking at â€Å"standard† CBT interventions, which typically consist of 11- 18 weekly sessions. In general, the field of psychotherapy has been shifting toward brief, more intensive approaches in order to reach more patients and become more cost-effective (Ost and Ollendick 2017). Further, recent studies have suggested that for exposure to be maximally effective, it should be delivered in sessions that areRead MoreSeparation Anxiety Disorders1401 Words   |  6 PagesThere are several treatment options for separation anxiety disorder in children. The golden standard treatment of separation anxiety and other anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy, also known as CBT (Ehrenreich, Santucci, Weiner, 2008). There are a couple of goals for this appr oach that involve both the child and parent (James, James, Cowdrey, Soler, Choke, 2015). These researchers state that one of the goals is for the child to be able to recognize their own anxious feelings andRead MorePaper856 Words   |  4 Pages Children of anxious parents are at greater risk for developing anxiety disorders (Schrok 2010). High parental control, insecure attachment and the parental modeling of poor coping strategies have been identified as parent-related risk factors that may contribute to the development and maintenance of childhood anxiety disorders. In response to the growing research on the influence of parental factors, a number of child-parent interventions have been developed to integrate parents into their child’sRead MoreEffectiveness Of Chosen Intervention For Children With Refugee And Asylee Youth1273 Words   |  6 PagesEffectiveness of Chosen Intervention Based on the available research, the authors have chosen Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy as the most effective intervention when working with refugee and asylee youth. This intervention was chosen due to the high amount of research conducted using this intervention with refugee and asylee youth. The pliability of CBT allows this intervention to mold to the unique needs of this population and serve the vast degree of trauma and mental health conditions this populationRead MoreThe Most Damaging Types Of Trauma1730 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the immediate, as well as long-term aftermath of exposure to trauma, children are at risk of developing significant emotional and behavior difficulties (CWIG, 2012). The most damaging types of trauma include early physical and sexual abuse, neglect, emotional/psychological abuse, exposure to domestic violence and other forms of child maltreatment (Hoch, 2009). Research has shown that children that are exposed to these types of trauma will experience developmental delays includingRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy And Mental Health Disorders Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagesdepression. Rather than relying on medications, clinical therapies are more effective to cure a variety of mental disorders. Although there are numerous psychological and physiological treatments to cure depression, ‘Cognitive Behavioral Therapy’ [CBT] will effectively treat depression as well as other mental health problems. Commonly used by most mental health experts, cognitive behavioral therap y is â€Å"a short-term, problem-focused form of behavioral treatment that helps people see the relationshipRead MoreA Study of Adolescence Anxiety, Depression and Low Self-esteem701 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of CBT, Relaxation Training and EMDR: A Study of Adolescence. Anxiety, depression and low self-esteem have several different causes. Adolescents can develop psychological trauma caused by broken families, bullying by peers, mental, physical and sexual abuse. (Bensley, Van Eenwyk, Spieker, Schoder, 1999). 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This type of therapy is also known to be very structured and the relationship with the therapist is not a focus of treatment (Sacks, 2007). CBT has a high work commitment and work doesn’t end when the session ends. When working with CBT the client has to be willing to work outside of therapy on their own as well. This is a collaborative modality whichRead MoreThe Intervention Program Is A Treatment Intervention1483 Words   |  6 Pagesintervention program is a treatment intervention. With anxiety disorder, it is better to have treated the disorder rather than prevent it. Through treatment and intervention, the child with anxiety disorder will be able to overcome future struggles and stress. Even though prevention program is designed to prevent anxiety disorder to occur, anxiety disorder has several factors and causes, which makes it extremely difficult to cover all the vulnerabilities of anxiety disorder. Biological, psychological, and social

A five-year career goal plan Free Essays

I work for AAFES it is a subcontractor for the government. In this company the main store is called the† PX â€Å"in the civilian world it would be like a Wal-Mart. There are other stores that are included like gas stations and fast food restaurants such as Burger King, Taco John’s, McDonald’s etc. We will write a custom essay sample on A five-year career goal plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now AAFES are located on military bases around the world. We serve for the men and women in the military â€Å"wherever they go we go† we provide services from the basic necessities to high-end products. My duty as an area manager is to make sure to take care of the customer service and the complaints also to make sure all training is done by all employees as needed. Was a manager I find ways to improve the sales floor with new fresh idea to meet sales goals. I also make sure all the accounting is correct and accurate such as items that need to be counted twice a day such as laptop iPad high-end Jewelry and items worth more than $1000. I am responsible to make sure that this is correct at all times. I have to make sure to look at all the receipts making sure that the item is received properly. When I complete my bachelors in business and human resource I would like to be in a retail environment. I’ve been with this company about 9 years I feel I have experience and not the education and that’s why I’m back in college so I will not get turned down a position because of the lack of education. I believe I could be selected for a store manager position because the education and experience and the classes that I have taken to become a manager. I will need to focus on improving my performance at work. The more I learn about what is needed to become a store manager the easier it will become when I’ve met my goal. Within the 3 years of my retail profession I will have my Masters in business and human resource that will give me a higher level of education. I will have more training and more experience for the job of being a training facility manager. I have had 2 manager position in aafes I have been in the position as a Burger King manager and a Retail Manager. I believe with my experience and education I will be more than qualified for the next positions. Within the 5 years of my retail profession I would like to become a retail HR anager I will have my Masters by then I’ll have experience being a store manager and food manager also being a training facility manager and that would be my dream job and I would stick with that until I retire. I would be more knowledgeable of the different job titles. I would have more experience on what you can do in the company and what you can’t do in the company. I would have the experience to make sure the employees complaints are taken care of and be more knowledgeable within the company so I could be successful of helping the employees on different levels. The career path that I have chosen will benefit my family. They always say â€Å"hard work pays off â€Å"(Evans, Stephanie) and I believe that I would have to sacrifice my weekends and holidays with my family for upcoming years for the job of my dreams. I would love to have a 9-to-5 job with weekends and holidays off but I believe that is a small price to pay for 2 years versus 18 years of the job of your dreams. Knowledge is power in my eyes. (Stephanie Evans) I feel that if I have the education and experiences that I will be successful in meeting goals. I am dedicated I’m a hard worker I’m reliable and trustworthy. Most of my colleagues come to me because I will share the information that will help them be successful in this company as well. I believe in this company because my dad served in the Army and my husband is in the currently in the Army. I always wanted to join the Army but I couldn’t because I am physically handicapped and this is one way I can serve my country by putting a smile on the faces of the men and women that serve our country, putting their life on the line for our freedom. And all I want to do is to make sure they have great customer service and will have great experience when they shop at AAFES. References Anderson, L, E., Bolt, S.B. (2013). Professionalism: Skills for Workplace Success. (3rd Ed.). Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle: New Jersey. http://www.totaljobs.com/careers-advice/job-profile/retail-jobs/department-manager-job How to cite A five-year career goal plan, Papers

Modern Algeria

Introduction Algeria is a country located in the northwestern part of Africa. It borders Mediterranean Sea to the north. Algeria is officially referred to as the democratic republic of Algeria. It is also the second largest country in Africa. The country is covered by 90% desert. Most of its population lives in the northern region.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Algeria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The capital city of Algeria is Algiers, which is also the largest city in the country. The name Algeria means â€Å"the desert† in the Arabic language. Most of the population is of Arabs and Berbers ancestry. The Arabs who also introduced the Arabic language introduced the Islamic religion. Today Arabic and Berber languages are official in Algeria. Islamic religion is also the largest comprising of 99% of the population. French is used as a language of instruction in schools and in media although it is not an official language. The population of Algeria in 2010 was 34.9 million. The main people in Algeria are the Arab Berbers. This paper will cover Algeria as a country from a variety of perspectives. The paper will discuss the geography, history, political systems, economics, and culture of Algeria. Geography Algeria is a country that is located in the northwest part of Africa. It lies at 28o north of Equator and 3o east of the Prime Meridian. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Tunisia, and Libya to the east, Niger, Mali, and Mauritania to the south, and Morocco to the west (Africa: Algeria Para. 1). Algeria is the second largest country in size after Sudan in Africa. It has an area of 2,381,741 square kilometers (919,595 sq miles). It has a coastline of 998 kilometers (620 miles). Its highest point is at Mount Tahat, which has a height of 3,003 meters (9,852 feet) while its lowest point is at Chott Melrhir, which is 40 meters (131 feet) below the sea level. More th an 90% of Algeria’s total area is part of the Sahara desert. It comprises of bare rocks and gravel. About a quarter of this area comprises of sand dunes referred as ergs, for example, Grand Erg oriental and Grand Erg occidental are the largest sand dunes in Algeria.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Algeria has one main river called Chelif River. This river rises from Tell Atlas Mountains and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It should also be noted that the southern part of Tell bears no permanent stream that flows. There are also some basins in the south of Tell, which collect water especially during the rainy seasons. The rainfall is fair on the coast especially on the Tell Atlas coast. This may range between 400 and 670mm in a year. There is also precipitation that increases from the western side towards the north. This may go high and even reach 1000mm annually. The basins form a large lake in this highlands region. The Saharan Atlas also receives more rains than other regions of Algeria. The Tell region and the coastal plains also receive mild rains during winter. Temperatures may rise up to 50 degrees Celsius. Orologically, there are various mountains in Algeria for example the Ahaggar Mountains, which are also known as the Hoggar Mountains. These mountains found at the centre of Sahara desert are arid. They are located at the southern part of Algeria. The highest part of these mountains is Mount Tahat at 3,003 meters (9,852 feet). There is also the Er Rif mountain range, which is located to the western frontier of Algeria. This mountain forms a cliff, which is very stiff and is about 2438 meters (800feet). In terms of climatic features, Algeria is located within the Sahara desert. Therefore, daily temperatures are extreme. There are extreme winds, and the place is very arid. The country receives an annual rainfall of less than 130mm i.e. (5in). The re is a Mediterranean climate in the northern part of Algeria especially on the Tell Atlas and the Coastal plain. This climate is characterized by warm and dry summers and mild rainy winters. The Tell Atlas and the coastal plains make the most humid region of the country. The Sirocco winds, which are hot and dry, blow in summer from the Sahara towards the north. The southern part of Algeria is very dry. In terms of flora, Algeria’s northern part has been the grazing field to the herders over the years.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Algeria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has resulted to overgrazing and deforestation. In the Tell Atlas and the Saharan Atlas, there are only few remaining forests. In this region, trees such as Atlas cedar, Oaks and pine are common. On the other hand, the lower parts of the slopes are occupied with scrubby type of vegetation, for example, the juniper plants. On the high plateau, the area is barren. There is steppe vegetation that comprises of brushwood and esparto grass. Since this is part of the Sahara desert, plants are very scattered, mainly comprised of the acacia, jubebe trees, and drought-resistant grasses. The cedar and conifers are also common in Algeria. On the mountains, there are evergreen forests, which comprise of junipers, oak trees, and Aleppo pine. There are also deciduous trees on these forests. Towards the warmer areas, there are forests of agave , palm, and eucalyptus trees. On the coast, there are palm trees and grape vines. In the wider Sahara, there are acacia trees and olives especially the wild ones. The fauna in Algeria is also limited due to the sparse vegetation. This vegetation can only support a small number of animals. The animals in Algeria include jerboa, fennec fox, ibex, boars, jackal, hare, antelope, monitor lizards, and servals. The dama gazelle and the oryx have vanished from Algeria although they were common before 1990s. The vegetation of Algeria varies from coastal, desert vegetation, which is grassy, and mountainous. People live in close relationship with some wild animals, for example, the jackals, gazelles, and boars. Wildlife there comprises of leopards, cheetah, and panthers. The variety of species of birds has attracted many tourists who like watching birds. There are also many monitor lizards and snakes. There are also dangerous scorpions and poisonous insects in the desert. Some animals that existed some years ago have become extinct. These include bears and Barbery lions. The animal that is most reared is the camel due to its use as a pack animal that are very reliable for transport across the desert.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More History of Algeria The first Algerian kingdom was founded by chief Masinissa who was a Berber. He reigned between 202 and 148 BC. He was allied to Ancient Rome. This kingdom was called Numidia. However, Masinissa’s grandson was conquered by the Romans in 106 BC. The Romans made the kingdom prosper to the level of becoming the source of olive oil and grains for Rome. During this time, the Romans used the military patrols in surrounding roads to garrison the towns. This was aimed at protecting the towns from the nomads. The towns included Tipasa and Timagad, which also developed into small cities. During the decline of the Roman kingdom in the 3rd century, Rome withdrew its legions that were taken on warfronts elsewhere. The Donatis Christian movement that was previously persecuted by these Romans experienced independence. The natives also denounced the Donatism sect. For example, Saint Augustine denounced it on his writings. Later on during the 5th century Vandals, a tribe fro m Germany conquered this region and established its own kingdom. Emperor Justinian of Byzantine used his army to overthrow the Vandals even before the end of that century. The vandals’ invasion of Algeria had left a mark during the whole of the 5th century (Collins 124). He restored the lost glory of Roman Empire. During the 17th century, Arabs who overthrew the leadership of Justinian and planted an Islamic leadership invaded North Africa. However, resistance from the Kusaylas, the Barber leaders, and from the Kahina, the alleged Judaism prophesier, faced the Arab invasion. Nevertheless, Algeria later became Umayyad Caliphate province when the resistant Berbers surrendered to Arabic leadership. Algeria became an Islamic country with the Arabs preferring urban lifestyle. It is also worthwhile to note that the Kabyles Berbers were given an upper hand by the colonial government in a bid to divide and rule (Alec and McKinney 104). However, the caliphate was seized from the hand of Umayyads by the Abbasids during the 8th century. During this seizure, the Berbers who belonged to Kharijte Islamic sect established their own kingdom. This kingdom was also Islamic with Rustamids as the leading one in Tahert in Algeria. The Tahert developed during the 8th century to the 9th century. However, it was overthrown by Fatimids people that belonged to Shia Islam. The Berber kingdoms of Almoravids and Almohads led to an autonomous centralized authority in the whole of Northwest Africa during 11th and 13th centuries. This made the city an Islamic city with Islamic learning centers and schools. Mosques were also a notable part of architecture. Handicrafts were also common. The Bejaila, Algiers, and Annaba ports prospered in trade with Europe. These ports supplied Barbary horses, fine leather, fabric, and wax to the Europeans. They also captured Christians and sold them as slaves (Hitchens 12). During the Ottoman rule, the Zayyanid took over leadership. When Almohad kingdom collapsed in 1269, the Zayyanid ruled for 300 years. Its capital was at Tlamchen. These people competed with the Muslim and Christians for the control of the seaports. This led to hiring of pirates who were known as corsairs to seize trade ships and their crew to demand for ransom. During the 16th century, Christian Spaniards captured and took over these ports. They also blockaded Algiers from all external trade and made it pay tribute. Due to this impact of the Christians, the Muslim requested the sultan of Ottoman to come to their aid. The sultan of Ottoman was the overall caliph. During this time, corsair brothers, referred to as Barberossas, prevailed on the caliph to send them on this mission to North Africa accompanied by a fleet of fighters. When the sultan sent them, they took over North Africa, overthrew the Spaniards, and took over their possessions. Khayr ad-Din was made the representative of sultan in Algeria. He acquired the beylerbey title. Since Algiers was far from the Constantinople, it was made autonomous. The corsairs were very effective, as they made Algiers become very powerful. Hence, their pirates became very dominant and controlled the port to the point of forcing European traders to pay tributes for protection of their ships. This money plus the money paid for ransom made them very rich. The Ottoman janissary garrisons were in charge of internal security. However, the Ottoman Empire declined during late 18th century. This opened an opportunity for Europeans to improve on ship construction and firepower to the point of challenging Corsair’s leadership. At the same time, they entered the international agreements outlawing piracy. This was followed by a naval squad that was sent to conquer the city by the United States in 1815. In 1816, an Anglo-Dutch war fleet almost destabilized Algiers. Finally, French army took over the city in 1830. By 1834, the French had taken over Algiers and its surroundings. It had already begun the occu pation of most of its coast and main lands. These territories fell under direct leadership of the French governor-general. Since the leadership of the French was incomparable to that of the Ottoman, native tribes began waging resistance. These tribes were led by Abd al-Qadir, a military leader and head of Sufi Muslim goodwill referred to as Qadiriyya. He trained his militants to use hit-and-run strategies. These tactics were very effective in fighting the French. Al-Qadir remained a hero until 1847 when he was subdued. However, the Barbers continued with the resistance though 1871 when the Kabyle Berbers waged the fieriest resistance that made them weaker. In 1872, the French forces won and confiscated the Berbers land. It is at this point that France colonized Algeria and allowed its citizens to settle there. French settlers bought land from barbers at very low prices. Others just confiscated it. The settlers developed industries, schools, banks, and agriculture to make Algeria loo k like their home. The agricultural products supported their home country with food. Production of citrus fruits and wine for export to France became prosperous just like it was when Algeria supplied grains to Rome. The move to confiscate land and to apply modern techniques of farming added to the available land (Horne and Alistair 32). French rule made the Muslim disadvantaged to the point of becoming its slaves. Muslims who were the majority were faced with restrictions. For example, they could not be in possession of firearms, hold public meetings, leave home without official permission from the French, and they were to work for them. However, some Muslims renounced Islamic religion. They were allowed to become French citizens. In fact, by late 19th century, most of those that had renounced Islam were allowed to go and work in France. The French government provided schools in Algeria. Since the population of the Muslim was growing very steadily, some of them went to school. It is from these educated minorities that the first nationalist emerged. After World War I, some Muslims who wanted equality with the French began the journey of nationalism in Algeria. The most notable nationalists in France in the 1920s were Shaykh Abd al-Hamid Ben Badis and Ahmed Messali Hadj. Their agitation made the French government come up with a plan of provision of equality right to Muslims. However, their National Assembly frustrated this plan. This made the nationalist more furious. Messali and Abbbas united and formed an anti French Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty party. This was during the Second World War. When the war ended, the Algerian Organic Statute put in place the first bicameral parliament that comprised of two colleges made up of one wing of the indigenous Algerians and the other wing of the settlers. However, the powers of this parliament favored the settlers. This parliament was unsatisfactory to both the settlers and the Algerians. This formed the basis of many young Algerians opting for armed revolution to oust the French colonization. The war of independence began with the formation of Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action in 1954. It is from this Committee that the National Liberation Front (FLN) was formed. The National Liberation Front then launched its independence bid on 31 October and 1 November. They organized various attacks on military and police posts, government buildings, and centers of government communication. This was followed by intensive guerrilla warfare to the point of forcing the French to request for 400,000 troops for reinforcement. The National liberation Front used both Abd al-Qadirl’s led guerrilla strategy and intentional terrorism attacks. They immobilized the French army and the continuous kidnapping and killings of French. Muslims who were not supporting them terrorized Algeria. To counter the situation, the French retaliated by burning of villages and even the urban dwelling that they susp ected of supporting the guerrillas. They also subjected captives from these areas to massacres, forced evictions, and bombings. In 1956, this war hit Algerian cities. For example, schools and shops were terrorized, a cause that drew international attention. The French ruthlessly halted this war in cities and used aircrafts to bomb FLN centers. They also erected an electric fence on the borders of Morocco and Tunisia to cut off contact between FLN soldiers outside Algeria. Unable to find an amicable solution to this war, the war raised international criticism. Both the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization criticized the French of fighting an unpopular war. It went on until May 1958 when both the French army and settlers joined their forces to oust the French government due to its vacillation. They formed a committee to check on the safety of all the public and to demand that Charles de Gaulle reoccupy the office. The committee was for the idea that only this wart ime general that fighting for a Free French Algeria that could settle this war. When he was installed in power, he allowed the Algerians to have some self-determinism in 1959. This made the settlers angry. They unsuccessfully revolted against him in 1960. This was followed by another attempt of overthrowing the government by a group of French armies. A minority army group referred to as Secret Army Organization championed these attempts although majority of the army remained loyal to the government. Victory became evident in March 1962 when the government and FLN called for a cease-fire. This was announced at Evian in France. In July, a referendum was held with the Algerians voting for independence. This made the settlers to start returning to their homeland. It is estimated that about 500,000 people died with many others maiming as property was destroyed. After the Evithian agreement, Algeria became independent. However, it had to rely on France for special aid. This cooperation wa s to help Algeria come out of the devastation because of eight years of war. This agreement also allowed the French government to continue exploiting gas and oil in Algeria. It also allowed the settlers to remain in Algeria for three years after which they would decide whether to acquire Algerian citizenship or to leave the country. These Europeans left immediately after independence (De Azevedo and Cagiano 25).When most settlers left; Algeria suffered a crisis of lack of skilled laborers. However, there were internal wrangles within the leadership of FLN, which had declared it the only legal political party. It had also declared Algeria as a socialist nation. In September 1962, Ahmend Ben Bella was elected the first prime minister of Algeria after the chief of Defense forces of the National Liberation supported him. Ben Bella was one of the founders of FLN. In 1963, the voters approved the first independent constitution, which mandated a presidential government. On the same year, B en Bella was elected as the first president of Algeria under the independent constitution. The presidential powers were only to be checked by the National assembly. Due to this loophole in checking the powers of the president, Ben Bella became autocratic and concerned himself with international affairs. This made people detest him. In 1965, his minister for defense Mr. Boumeduenne made the president to be arrested. He declared himself president in what was seen as a bloodless coup. Boumedianne made the national army dominant and reduced the importance of FLN. He also focused on developing the vast resources in Algeria. Boumedianne remained the president, minister for defense, and the prime minister of Algeria. He also used the supreme authority of a 26-people council of revolution that mainly drew its membership from the army and his civilian friends. He was undemocratic and autocratic in his leadership. In 1971, he nationalized the oil fields that were formally controlled by the Fr ench. He also made the lands that the settlers had left government property. He also worked hard to develop the hydrocarbon industry. It is also in 1970s that president Boumedienne distributed settlers land to cooperatives made up by peasants in his attempt to exaggerate productivity of the nation. This president also promoted the Arabic language. He made it used in schools. He also promoted the Arabic culture. However, most of the Berbers resisted this attempt and railed themselves against it. In 1976, Boumedienne was elected as a legal president using the new constitution and the national charter. However, he later died in1978. Following the death of Boumeddienne, Chadli Benjadid, a colonel in the army, was selected to take over the presidency. He was later confirmed as the president after an official election in the same year. Colonel Chadli pardoned and released Ben Bella the former president in 1980. Chadli was re-elected in 1984 when he run for the presidency unopposed. He rel axed strict rule policies and liberalized Algerians economy and agriculture. In the 1980s, the prices of oil declined. This had adverse effects on Algeria. This made the government faced a series of demonstrations from the protesting youths. It used the forces to suppress these rioters. It also initiated changes that won over the public confidence in the president who was the elected to the presidency for his third term. He also allowed for constitutional changes that allowed for multiparty democracy in 1989. This legalized the political parties for example Islamic Salvation Front party FIS. However, this marked the beginning of the conflict between the military that supported FLN and the Muslim who supported FIS parties. Islamists became persistent winning civic elections in 1991. When it was evident that they would win the parliamentary elections in 1992, the government counseled them. Benjedid was forced by the army to resign. The Army and civilian officials took over the High Co uncil of State led by Mohammend Boundiaff as president. This was followed with the ban of FIS. However, Mohammend was assassinated in 1992. This made the government to clash with Islamist militias in Algeria. In 1994, Liamine Zeroul, the then defense minister, was named the president by the council. He was elected the president in 1995 during the first multi-party elections in Algeria. He was formerly a soldier and a diplomat. This made Algerians’ international creditors reschedule the country’s debt. He championed constitutional changes that banned political parties based on religion, region, gender, language, or race. In 1999, following the step down and resignation of other presidential contestants, Abdelaziz Bouteflika who was the former minister of foreign affairs won the presidency. He later called for national reconciliation and offered amnesty to Muslim militants. This made most of them stop the infighting. However, the al-Qaeda-led group refused to submit. In 2004, when he was re-elected, Bouteflika brought stability in Algeria. He has created union with the European nations and the United States besides giving amnesty to Muslim leaders who had earlier rebelled. In 2007, Algeria conducted another multiparty election. Surprisingly, there was no violence before, during, and after the election. Bouteflika was re-elected as the president in a coalition government. This government comprised of FLN, National Democratic Rally, and moderate Islamist movement for a Peaceful Society. Political System Algerian government is a multi party democracy led by the president. The government comprises of the executive, the legislature, which is bicameral, and the judiciary. The executive is made up of the president who is also the head of state, a prime minister who is appointed by the president and who is the head of government, and the council of ministers appointed by the prime minister. The president is the head of state who can declare war or peace. H e is also the country’s representative in foreign matters. The prime minister is the head of the government in Algeria. He has the power to head the cabinet. He is the leader of the government business. The prime minister also appoints the council of ministers. These ministers are in charge of the management of various government ministries. They represent the government in those ministries. The legislature is bicameral comprising of the upper house with 144 members and the national people Assembly or the lower house with 389 members. Out of the 389 members, the head of state directly appoints 1/3 while the rest come from municipal councils appointments. The members of the National people’s assembly serve for four-year term of office while the members of the upper house serve for six-year term. The upper house is in charge of legislation. The officials here make, amend, or abolish laws. They are also a representation of the public interest in the government. The lower house plays an oversight role and checks on the excesses of the upper house. It also has the power to monitor and impeach the president. This house also approves the national finance and expenditure. The Supreme Court is the highest court in Algeria. The Supreme Court also acts as the high court of appeal that has the power to hear cases from all jurisdictions of the country. It can also arbitrate over political matters and cases of appeal. There are three courts of appeals, which are located in Algiers, Constantine, and Oran. Other special criminal courts also play a key role. For example, they arbitrate cases of political and economic violations on the state and individuals. Algeria has also established many commercial courts that have powers to hear business disputes from across the country, and courts of justice and peace, which are responsible for developing and enhancing national cohesion. Political representation in Algeria starts with the president who is elected by the majo rity. Presidential elections take place after every five years. Initially, a legally elected president could only hold two terms of office if he or she is re-erected for the second term. However, this was changed through constitutional amendments by the parliament in 2008. The second level of political representation is at the legislature level. The president nominates a third of the members of the lower house mainly from his party. The upper house is also a political representation function as the members are directly elected by the people for a six-year term. The municipal councils also select the remaining two thirds of the members of the lower house, which is also highly influence by their political parties. The elected member of councils becomes the head of Wilayat and the communes. This is an authoritarian governmental regime with little or no freedom of the press. There exists a universal suffrage of all registered voters above 18 years. The most dominant party in Algeria is the National Liberation Front (FLN), the party that led to the country’s independence. In 1992, when multi-party democracy was allowed, Islamic Salvation Front (ISF) was formed and nearly won the 1992 elections. However, it was banned in 1996 because it was religious based. During the 2002 elections, several other parties came up. These included the National People’s Assembly, National Democratic Rally (NDR), which was pro-government and business and which was linked with president Bouteflika, the Reform Movement, and Islamist Movement for Peaceful Society. Other political parties are not as vocal as the above-mentioned ones. These include Algerian National Front, Workers party, the Rally for Culture and Democracy, Renaissance Movement, and the Socialist Forces Front. The National Liberation Front (FLN) has formed the government over the years although it has entered national coalition with other loyal parties due to its inability to win with a majority. The Islamist S alvation Front (ISF) remains the only illegal political party in Algeria. The national symbols depict the identity of the nation to represent legacy of Algeria. The main national symbol in Algeria is the flag. This flag was derived from the designs of Abdel kadir. These designs were inspired by Turkey’s flag. This flag was officially adopted on third of July 1962 by the new government of Algeria. The Algerian flag is rectangular and comprises of green and white colored rectangles. The flag has a crescent shape at the centre, which is a religious symbol that depicts that Algeria is an Islamic country. There is also a red star at the heart of the crescent. Every color on the flag signifies something. The white color represents peace, the green color represents Islamic religion while the symbols that are red colored are a representative of the blood that was shed by freedom fighters in the time of the struggle for independence in Algeria where many people died and others were ma imed. The other national symbol is the national Emblem. This looks almost similar to that of many other countries. The national emblem was officially adopted in Algeria in 1976. The language changed to Arabic from the initial French. This emblem has the Algerian ancient symbol of Fatma inside in the form of an inscription. This Fatima represents the sun that portrays the coming of another era. There are also some other symbols that represent agriculture and industrialization in Algeria. There is also a mountain on it that signifies the Atlas Mountains. The third national symbol in Algeria is the National Anthem of Algeria. Economics The Algerian currency is called the Algerian Dinar abbreviated as (DZD). In 2011, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Algeria was 263.661 billion dollars. The per capita of Algeria was 7,333 dollars. The backbone of this economy is the prevalence of fossil fuel. This accounts for 60% of its budget, whic h is 30% of the country’s GDP. This also accounts for 95% earnings from export hence the country’s main export commodity. The human development index in 2010 was 0.698. Unemployment rate is also high at about 20.1% with agriculture accounting for 14% of the country’s employment. Algeria is an importer of foodstuff and warfare equipments. Among the agricultural products that it exports are barley, oats, vegetables, and citrus. In 2011, Algeria exports were worth 73.39 billion dollars while the imports were worth 46.45 billion dollars. Inflation rates in Algeria are 4%, the lowest rate in this region. In 2001, Algeria signed a pact to purchase warfare equipments worth 7.5 billion dollars in exchange for their historical debt of 4.7 billion dollars. In 2006, Algeria paid its debt worth eight billion dollars to Paris Club even before the maturation date. Culture and Tourism Arabic and the Berber languages are the known native languages in Algeria. These languages ar e used by 99% Algerians. These languages are also official. French is also used widely especially in education and media. However, it is not official. The most common Berber language is the Kabyle, which is the most spoken. The Berber language is spoken by 27% with colloquial Arabic being spoken by 72% of the population. The predominant religion is the Sunni Islam, which account for 99% of Algerian population. Other religions include Christians and Jews. The culture of Algerians is greatly influenced by the Islamic religion. This culture is also distributed to denote Kabyle, French, and Arabic influence. Algeria has some of the most famous novelist in African literature including Albert Camus and Mohammed Dib. Paintings have also denoted Mohamend Khadda especially in the 21st century. Painters like Pablo Picasso who painted the works ‘Women of Algiers’ are great sources of the Algerian culture. Painters have also preserved the values of the Algerian people. Music also f orms a great part of the Algerian culture. For example, the Chaabi music, which dates back to 1920s, comprises of poems and rhythms from various dialects in Arabic language. The Malouf Constantinois style has been preserved through music by Mohamed Fergani. There is also the Algerian classical style of music from the Andalusian people, which has also been preserved. There is also the folk music, for example, Bedouin, which has poems on pastoralist, Kabyle folk songs comprising of poetry, and tales. These songs majorly revolve around love, exile, and even politics. The Turkish culture is also depicted though Turkish food, drinks, and even music. This is mainly by Turkish remnants that had migrated to Algeria during the rule of the Ottoman (Ruedy 22). They are today referred as Kouloughlis. These were children of Algerians native women and Turkish descendants. The major food is cuisine, which includes cereals at all times because cereals are abundant. It is prepared using fish, meat, and vegetables. Other main dishes include chorba, Berkoukes, and Mthewen. Cakes are also common in Algeria. Tourist sites includes kabylie mountains, Algiers beaches, Timgad ruins left by Romans, the Sahara, Biskra El-Kantara, Mt. Tahat, which is the highest point in Algeria 3003m, and Gantret El’Hwa in Constantine. Cinema is also part of the Algerian culture. This can be stemmed back to 1962 when movies began to be produced in Algeria. Films, for example, the Opium and the stick produced by Ahmed Rachedi and The battle of Algiers produced in 1966 are also common in this culture. Algerian films such as Chronicle of the Year’s Fire have won international awards. Comedies are also establishing in Algeria. There are museums, for example, the Gsell museum in Algiers. Education is compulsory in Algeria especially for the children who are between ages of six to 15 years. It is therefore compulsory for the parents to ensure that their children in this age are taken to school. This is an official move by the government to promote literacy. Statistics shows that about 5% of all the adults are illiterate. This means that the literacy levels in Algeria are not very low. Conclusion In conclusion, Algeria is an ancient country, which is officially referred to as People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. The country was formerly known as Democratic and popular Algerian Republic. The earliest inhabitants of Algeria were Aterians and the Capsians. Before its independence in 1962, the country was ruled by a series of dynasties for example the Numidians, Romans, Carthaginians, Vendals, Umayyads, Byzantines, Fatimids, Almohads, and the Turkish. Algeria is an Arabic country with its capital in Algiers. This country is a partial presidential democracy with 48 provinces, which are subdivided into 1541 communes. The population of Algeria is about 37 million and is ranked 34th in world most populous nation list. The total area of Algeria is 2.381,741 km. It is the second largest country in Africa and the tenth largest country in the world. The president is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president appoints the prime minister who then heads the government. The government has three major branches. These are judiciary, executive, and the legislature. The major source of economic power of Algeria is the fossils oil, which is also the major export for the country as revealed in the paper. Works Cited Africa: Algeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency, 2010. Web. Alec, Hargreaves, and Mark McKinney. Post-Colonial Cultures in France. London: Psychology Press, 1997. Print. Collins, Roger. Vandal Africa, 429–533. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Print. De Azevedo, Raimond Cagiano. Migration and Development Co-Operation. Europe: Council of Europe, 1994. Print. Hitchens, Christopher. Jefferson versus the Muslim Pirates, 2011. Web. Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954 –1962. New York, NY: New York Review Books Classics, 2006. Print. Ruedy, John. Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation. India: Indiana University Press. Print. Appendices Algerian Flag Source: (Africa: Algeria 1) Geography of Algeria Area 2,381,741 sq km 919,595 sq mi Coastline 998 km 620 mi Highest point Mount Tahat 3,003 m/9,852 ft Lowest point Chott Melrhir 40 m/131 ft below sea level Source: (Africa: Algeria 1) The economy of Algeria Gross domestic product (GDP in U.S.$) $115 billion (2006) GDP per capita (U.S.$) $3,440 (2006) Monetary unit 1 Algerian dinar (AD) , consisting of 100 centimes Number of workers 13,887,214 (2006) Unemployment rate 20.1 percent (2004) Source: (Africa: Algeria 1) Map of Algeria Source: (Africa: Algeria 1) This essay on Modern Algeria was written and submitted by user Abel Klein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.